Moving towards a strategy to accelerate cervical cancer elimination in a high-burden city-Lessons learned from the Amazon city of Manaus, Brazil.

The World Health Organization Call to Eliminate Cervical Cancer resonates in cities like Manaus, Brazil, where the burden is among the world's highest. Manaus has offered free cytology-based screening since 1990 and HPV immunization since 2013, but the public system is constrained by many challenges and performance is not well-defined. We obtained cervical cancer prevention activities within Manaus public health records for 2019 to evaluate immunization and screening coverage, screening by region and neighborhood, and the annual Pink October screening campaign. We estimated that among girls and boys age 14-18, 85.9% and 64.9% had 1+ doses of HPV vaccine, higher than rates for age 9-13 (73.4% and 43.3%, respectively). Of the 90,209 cytology tests performed, 24.9% were outside the target age and the remaining 72,230 corresponded to 40.1% of the target population (one-third of women age 25-64). The East zone had highest screening coverage (49.1%), highest high-grade cytology rate (2.5%) and lowest estimated cancers (38.1/100,000) compared with the South zone (32.9%, 1.8% and 48.5/100,000, respectively). Largest neighborhoods had fewer per capita screening locations, resulting in lower coverage. During October, some clinics successfully achieved higher screening volumes and high-grade cytology rates (up to 15.4%). Although we found evidence of some follow-up within 10 months post-screening for 51/70 women (72.9%) with high-grade or worse cytology, only 18 had complete work-up confirmed. Manaus has successfully initiated HPV vaccination, forecasting substantial cervical cancer reductions by 2050. With concerted efforts during campaigns, some clinics improved screening coverage and reached high-risk women. Screening campaigns in community locations in high-risk neighborhoods using self-collected HPV testing can achieve widespread coverage. Simplifying triage and treatment with fewer visits closer to communities would greatly improve follow-up and program effectiveness. Achieving WHO Cervical Cancer Elimination goals in high-burden cities will require major reforms for screening and simpler follow-up and treatment.

A Qualitative Study on Noncommunicable Diseases in Waste Pickers in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Noncommunicable chronic diseases are associated with multiple risks factors and negative outcomes that are long-lasting and difficult to treat. Some populations may be at greater risk because of their socioeconomic status, lack of healthcare, environment, and poor work and living conditions. Informal waste pickers may experience higher levels of chronic diseases and often do not have access to care to manage symptoms. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to understand the prevalence of chronic diseases in waste pickers, along with perceived associated risks and available treatments. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted, using interviews with 24 waste pickers who worked at Estrutural dumpsite in Brasilia, Brazil which was historically the second largest open-air dumpsite in the world. RESULTS: Participants believed their commonly experienced chronic diseases were a result of working in the open-air dumpsite. Chronic diseases commonly noted in the interviews included hypertension, chronic pain, respiratory disease, diabetes, and kidney problems. Participants discussed self-medication or prescribed medication used to treat their conditions. Most participants had varying beliefs regarding prevention strategies to reduce disease; some ideas for prevention focused on religion, fate, and God when discussing outcomes related to illnesses. When answering questions regarding ideal working conditions to help prevent diseases, participants responded by expressing a desire for protective gear (e.g. PPE) which could help mitigate hazards associated with the dump. CONCLUSIONS: Recyclable collectors were aware of occupational hazards to which they were exposed and associated noncommunicable chronic diseases but lacked education on the importance of preventive measures and access to healthcare services. The findings of the present study confirm the need to strengthen intersectoral actions to protect and uphold the health rights of this vulnerable population. PARTICIPANT CONSENT: Obtained. ETHICS APPROVAL: This study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the Health School of Brasília University under Opinion n. 1.517.670/2016. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Social vulnerabilities of female waste pickers in Brasília, Brazil.

Worldwide, waste pickers are exposed to adverse health effects resulting from hazards at work. This study aimed to identify possible gender disparities among waste pickers. A quantitative cross-sectional epidemiological study, using semi-structured data was conducted in Estrutural's dumpsite, Brasília, Brazil. It included 1,025 waste pickers, with 67% being female. Most of them lived without partners (73.7%), have 3 to 4 children (47.8%), and have a lower monthly income (62.6%

Waterborne diseases in waste pickers of Estrutural, Brazil, the second largest open-air dumpsite in world.

Brazil was home to the second largest open-air dump in the world, Estrutural, which officially closed in January of 2018; however, many dumpsites throughout the country continue to operate informally. Prior to government-recognized closure, there were about 1200 waste pickers working at the dump. These workers were subject to a myriad of occupational and environmental risks; one primary hazard involved exposure to contaminated water, which significantly affects health and quality of life. As part of the official closure plan for Estrutural, a study was conducted to determine the occurrence of waterborne diseases and rates of intestinal worms among the workers. A convergent parallel mixed methods approach, using a cross-sectional study and semi-structured interviews, sought to uncover answers to these objectives. There were 1025 waste pickers used in this study. Data confirmed waste pickers experienced continuous bouts of waterborne disease cases through episodic diarrhea (24.9%), intestinal worms (12.6%), hepatitis A (1.7%) and leptospirosis (0.7%). People who lived in unregulated areas (favelas) had increased risk of diarrhea (OR = 1.72) and those who did not use filtered water were at increased risk of intestinal worms (OR = 1.87) and diarrhea (OR = 1.5). Qualitative and quantitative data confirmed that many workers suffered from waterborne diseases, and that women were at greater risk than men. These findings highlight unsanitary and poor occupational health conditions for waste pickers at dumpsites, which likely continue despite official dumpsite closures. Moreover, this data provide evidence of supplemental occupational hazards to assess at dumpsites worldwide, especially for women.

Health conditions and occupational risks in a novel group: waste pickers in the largest open garbage dump in Latin America.

BACKGROUND: The inadequate management of solid waste impacts populations' health and quality of life, and disproportionately affects developing countries. This study aims to describe a protocol for epidemiological diagnosis, the purpose being to estimate the prevalence of chronic and communicable and non communicable diseases in waste pickers, and the occupational and environmental risk factors to which these are exposed. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, based on survey design in an area of extreme social vulnerability - the largest garbage dump in Latin America. Using a multidimensional research protocol, divided in three stages: 1- The identification of the subjects, and the scheduling of tests; 2- Situational diagnosis through interviews, anthropometric evaluation, measuring blood pressure, collecting hair and nail samples to detect exposure to heavy metals and undertaking laboratory tests; 3- The return of the waste pickers to receive the test results, followed by referral to the health team and to report occupational accidents. RESULTS: One thousand twenty-five waste pickers undertook tests and interviews. The majority were women (67.0%), with 36-45 years old (45.7%), and 96.0% had children. In total, 27.3% of the participants did not attend to any school and 47.7% were educated only up to primary level. The majority of waste pickers (68.70%) reported accidents and most of them (89.69%) were related to sharp objects. The mean time working in this open dump was 15 years. According the anthropometric measure, 32.6% were overweight and 21.1% were obese. The most common reported diseases were: osteomuscular disorders (78.7%); arboviruses (28.6%); episodic diarrhea (24.9%); hypertension (24.2%); bronchitis (14.3%); intestinal worms (12.6%) and diabetes (10.1%). According to the blood tests, the values outside the reference limits were: Uric acid (23.89%); creatinine (54.06%); GGT range (16.04%); SGOT - Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (5.29%); SGPT - serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (35.52%). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to evaluate multiple risks and diseases in the majority of waste pickers working in the largest garbage dump of a continent. These findings highlight the importance to address urgently the environmental, social and health impacts related to the management of solid waste in developmental countries to protect these workers and their families.

Ineffective waste site closures in Brazil: A systematic review on continuing health conditions and occupational hazards of waste collectors.

There are approximately 15 million people engaged in waste collection or recycling activities in the world. Some of these dump sites are informal and people work in environments that are labor-intensive, unregulated, unregistered, low-paid, unrecorded, and environmentally hazardous. A systematic review was conducted to assess consequential health conditions and occupational risks that affect waste collectors in Brazil. The search was limited to Brazil because although the government closed dump sites, open-air dumping-the worst type of waste disposal-still occurs in about half of the country; moreover, Brazil is the only country to systematically collect data on the occupation, with an estimated 229,568 recyclable collectors of all types country-wide, which offers relevant and pertinent data on the topic. The results of the search indicated that nearly every region has individuals that work as recyclable collectors. As expected, the sites are full of occupational hazards to the workers that can include: long working hours; exposures to physical, chemical, mechanical, biological, ergonomic and social agents; and frequent work accidents. Exposure to these risks can result both in physical and psychological illnesses. In view of these findings, public policies could be strengthened by supporting and providing incentives to municipalities, schools, universities, health professionals, and all others who will contribute to the closure of open-air waste or poor waste disposal systems. Moreover, an improved awareness should be provided to the general population about environmental education and correct disposal of garbage. The goal of healthy waste disposal conditions ultimately decreases environmental and public health effects, while improving the working conditions, quality of life, and health outcomes for recyclable collectors.

Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program: its contribution in view of WHO recommendations for provision of doctors. / A contribuição do Programa Mais Médicos: análise a partir das recomendações da OMS para provimento de médicos.

In order to examine whether Brazil's Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Programme (PMM) reflected World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations for improved attraction, retention and recruitment of health workers in remote and rural areas, this descriptive, qualitative study drew on document analysis in order to compare the WHO recommendations published in 2010 with Brazil's Law No. 12,871/13, which instituted the PMM. Of the 16 WHO recommendations systematised here, the PMM met 37.5%. Recommendations not incorporated into the PMM include career development programmes and public recognition strategies. Although reflecting WHO recommendations and already in place elsewhere in the SUS prior to announcement of the PMM, the National Retention Grant Programme and multi-professional teams (as in the Family Health Strategy) were not implemented by the PMM. The programme contains innovative components such as a new curriculum for medical schools and compulsory medical service. On the other hand, the PMM could have invested more in personal and professional support.

A contribuição do Programa Mais Médicos: análise a partir das recomendações da OMS para provimento de médicos / Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program: its contribution in view of WHO recommendations for provision of doctors

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar se o Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) contemplou as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) relacionadas ao aprimoramento da atração, do recrutamento e da retenção de profissionais de saúde em áreas remotas e rurais. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, qualitativo, baseado em análise documental, no intuito de comparar se as recomendações publicadas em 2010 pela OMS foram contempladas na Lei 12.871/13, que instituiu o PMM. Ao total, foram sistematizadas 16 recomendações da OMS, para as quais o PMM atendeu a 37,5%. Entre as recomendações não contempladas, encontram-se a ausência de programas de desenvolvimento da carreira e de medidas de reconhecimento público. Algumas recomendações que não foram atendidas pela PMM já estavam sendo desenvolvidas, tais como o Programa Nacional de Bolsa Permanência para estudantes de nível superior e a inserção de diferentes profissionais de saúde no SUS (Estratégia Saúde da Família). O programa apresenta fatores inovadores, como a mudança curricular do curso de medicina e o serviço médico obrigatório, entretanto, poderia ter feito mais investimentos na categoria de apoio pessoal e profissional.

Abstract In order to examine whether Brazil's Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Programme (PMM) reflected World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations for improved attraction, retention and recruitment of health workers in remote and rural areas, this descriptive, qualitative study drew on document analysis in order to compare the WHO recommendations published in 2010 with Brazil's Law No. 12,871/13, which instituted the PMM. Of the 16 WHO recommendations systematised here, the PMM met 37.5%. Recommendations not incorporated into the PMM include career development programmes and public recognition strategies. Although reflecting WHO recommendations and already in place elsewhere in the SUS prior to announcement of the PMM, the National Retention Grant Programme and multi-professional teams (as in the Family Health Strategy) were not implemented by the PMM. The programme contains innovative components such as a new curriculum for medical schools and compulsory medical service. On the other hand, the PMM could have invested more in personal and professional support.

Projeto de expansão da assistência oncológica: EXPANDE, um novo modelo assistencial / Oncologic assistance expansion project: EXPANDE, a new assistance model

Este estudo tem por objetivo descrever o Projeto EXPANDE - Projeto de Expansão da Assistência Oncológica, atualmente desenvolvido pelo Ministério da Saúde. Faz um relato do Câncer e sua importância enquanto problema de saúde pública e a necessidade de organização da rede de serviços que prestam assistência especializada em oncologia. Este estudo tem por objetivo descrever o Projeto EXPANDE - Projeto de Expansão da Assistência Oncológica, atualmente desenvolvido pelo Ministério da Saúde. Faz um relato do Câncer e sua importância enquanto problema de saúde pública e a necessidade de organização da rede de serviços que prestam assistência especializada em oncologia. Analisando a atual distribuição de serviços oncológicos no Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS e a proposta do Projeto, pode-se assegurar que para a melhoria no acesso, deve-se considerar alguns parâmetros de cobertura populacional e sua distribuição nas regiões do país. O modelo analisado permite auxiliar na distribuição eqüitativa e universal que garanta ao paciente um atendimento integral e integralizado. Os critérios para a expansão contemplam o maior número de serviços, as regiões menos cobertas, além dos limites financeiros e infra-estrutura já existente. Analisando a atual distribuição de serviços oncológicos no Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS e a proposta do Projeto, pode-se assegurar que para a melhoria no acesso, deve-se considerar alguns parâmetros de cobertura populacional e sua distribuição nas regiões do país.O modelo analisado permite auxiliar na distribuição eqüitativa e universal que garanta ao paciente um atendimento integral e integralizado. Os critérios para a expansão contemplam o maior número de serviços, as regiões menos cobertas, além dos limites financeiros e infra-estrutura já existente

Projeto Expande: novo modelo para a oncologia / Project Expands: new model for oncology

Analisa a introdução do Projeto Expande como um como um novo modelo assistente na área oncológica, que tem por fim a melhoria do atendimento. A metodologia utilizada no desenvolvimento deste trabalho será resenha pesquisada, feita de uma revisão bibliográfica dos temas referentes a Modelo de Organização de Serviços de Saúde; e a análise do Projeto Expande funda-se na proposta metodológica de execução do projeto. Para tanto foram considerados os dados disponíveis no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) referentes à distribuição populacional por região administrativa. (AU)

Registro brasileiro de marcapassos no ano 2000 / Pacemaker registry: 2000 database

O Registro Brasileiro de Marcapassos (RBM) é uma base de dados nacional que visa coletar e divulgar informações concernentes aos procedimentos relacionados com a estimulação cardíaca artificial no Brasil. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados do sétimo ano de operação do RBM, que vai de 1Ý de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2000. Neste período foram reportados 13466 procedimentos, sendo 9519 implantes iniciais (70,7por cento) e 3947 reoperações (29,3por cento). As informações foram enviadas por 256 hospitais e os formulários, preenchidos por 445 médicos. Foram implantados 7776 marcapassos ventriculares (57,8por cento), 5583 sistemas atrioventriculares (41,5por cento) e apenas 101 atriais (0,8por cento). Houve discreta predominância do sexo masculino. A análise da idade dos pacientes mostrou que 249 (1,9por cento) apresentavam de 1 a 20 anos; 689 (5,1por cento) de 21 a 40 anos, 2638 (19,6por cento) de 41 a 60 anos; 6582 (48,9por cento) de 61 a 80 anos; e 2487 (18,5por cento) estavam acima de 81 anos de idade. Síncopes, pré-síncopes ou tonturas justificaram o implante de marcapasso em 9117 casos (67,7por cento); bradicardia, em 984 (7,3por cento); insuficiência cardíaca, em 927 (6,8por cento); taquicardia, em 259 (1,9por cento); e outros sintomas e sinais em 782 (5,8por cento) pacientes. Segundo a classificação da N.Y.H.A., 1382 pacientes (10,3por cento) eram assintomáticos, 1736 (12,9por cento) apresentavam sintomas aos grandes esforços, 5204 (38,7por cento) eram portadores de sintomas aos pequenos e médios esforços e 3598 (26,7por cento) apresentavam sintomas em repouso. Bloqueio atrioventricular do segundo grau foi o achado eletrocardiográfico em 1402 pacientes (10,4por cento); bloqueio atrioventricular total, em 6909 (51,3por cento); bloqueios fasciculares, em 297 (2,2por cento); doença do nó sinusal, em 1899 (14,1por cento); flütter ou fibrilação atrial com baixa resposta ventricular, em 1180 (8,8por cento) e outros achados em 386 pacientes (2,9por cento). Malformação congênita foi considerada a causa da bradicardia em 216 casos (1,6por cento); etiologia desconhecida, em 3254 (24,2por cento); doença de Chagas, em 2958 (22,0por cento); fibrose do sistema de condução, em 3612 (26,8por cento); intervenções médicas, em 377 (2,8por cento) e outras causas em 1456 (10,8por cento). A comparação destes dados com os anteriormente publicados pelo Registro Brasileiro de Marcapassos mostrou tendência de crescimento do número de procedimentos....

Registro Brasileiro de Marcapassos: escolha do modo de estimulaçäo no ano de 1999 / Brazilian Pacemaker register: pacing mode choice in 1999

O Registro Brasileiro de Marcapassos (RBM) Ú uma base de dados nacional que visa a coletar e divulgar informaçöes concernentes aos procedimentos relacionados com a estimulaçäo cardíaca artificial no Brasil. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados do sexto ano de operaçäo do RBM, que vai de 1§ de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 1999 e teve como objetivo principal comparar os dados clínicos dos pacientes submetidos a implante de marcapasso ventricular aos dos pacientes que receberam marcapasso atrioventricular. Nesse período, foram reportados 11.048 procedimentos, perfazendo 8141 (73,7 por cento) implantes iniciais e 2907 (26,3 por cento) reoperaçöes. Foram implantados 6779 (61,4 por cento) marcapassos unicamerais e 4258 (38,6 por cento) bicamerais. Dos implantes de câmara única, apenas 99 (0,9 por cento) foram atriais. A relaçäo média nacional entre implantes ventriculares e atrioventriculares foi de 1,6: 1. Pela análise dos dados apresentados para os primeiros implantes de marcapasso, foi possível verificar fatores que influenciaram a escolha do modo de estimulaçäo, como: 1) a regiäo onde o hospital está instalado; 2) a idade do paciente; 3) a classe funcional e 4) o distúrbio da conduçäo do paciente. Diferenças Regionais: A regiäo centro-oeste diferiu das demais, por apresentar maior número de implante atrioventriculares que ventriculares (relaçäo AV / VVI = 1,5). Nas demais regiöes, foram implantados mais marcapassos ventriculares que dupla-câmara com relaçöes AV / VVI variando de 0,78 na regiäo sudeste a 0,51 na regiäo sul. Idade: Na faixa etária de 21 a 60 anos, houve mais implantes bicamerais (relaçäo AV / VVI = 1,7 dos 21 aos 40 anos e 1,25 dos 41 aos 60). Nas demais faixas etárias, o número de implantes ventriculares foi maior, com relaçäo VVI/AV variando de 1,3: 1 nas duas primeiras décadas da vida a 3,2: 1 na faixa etária maior que 81 anos. Classe Funcional: apenas nos pacientes de classe funcional I o número de marcapassos bicamerais excedeu o número de ventriculares (relaçäo AV/VVI = 1,4). Nos pacientes com sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca prévia, o número de implantes ventriculares foi maior com relaçäo VVI / AV de 1,2: 1 na classe II; de 1,5: 1 na classe III e de 1,9: 1 na classe IV. Distúrbio do Sistema Éxcito-Condutor: Pacientes portadores de doença do nó sinusal receberam aproximadamente duas vezes mais marcapassos fisiológicos que ventriculares (relaçäo AV/VVI = 2,1: 1). Nos portadores de bloqueios do 2§ grau...